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.tit Pascal-2 V2.0/RT-11 Introduction
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~PASCAL-2 V2.0/RT-11 INTRODUCTION~
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.ski 3
Pascal-2 is a transportable multi-pass compiler that emphasizes
conformance to the Pascal standard while generating optimized code.
Properly used, Pascal-2 will allow programs to be transported between
computer systems with a minimum of change.  The compiler itself has
already been installed on computers made by two different manufacturers,
and it is currently being implemented on two others.
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Developed over several years, Pascal-2 grew out of our experience with
Oregon Software's first Pascal compiler, Pascal-1.  Pascal-1 is a one-pass
compiler specific to the PDP-11 series, with low-level extensions
giving the programmer control over the PDP-11 hardware and operating
system.  Pascal-2 is larger and compiles more slowly than Pascal-1, but
Pascal-2 produces code that is much shorter and faster than Pascal-1
code.  Typical programs are 30 to 40 percent smaller and up to twice as
fast.
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This user manual contains all the information you need to install and
operate the Pascal-2 system on Digital's RT-11 operating systems:  RT-11
V3 and V4, SJ, XM, and TSX-Plus by S & H Computing.
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The first section is the User's Guide, which serves as a quick overview
of Pascal-2, to give you a feel for how it works.  The guide, which
is written on a beginner's level, takes you through the basic steps
of compiling, correcting, and running a Pascal-2 program.  The User's
Guide also has brief explanations and examples of the Debugger, the
Profiler, and the extended-precision format for "real" numbers - the
standard features of the Pascal-2 system.
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The Programmer's Guide contains detailed descriptions of compilation
commands, embedded and low-level switches, and the low-level interface
between Pascal-2 and the PDP-11 operating system.  The Programmer's
Guide also contains a miscellaneous collection of articles on
implementation-related problems, divided into two broad categories:
error situations (and what to do about them), and implementation notes.
Finally, the guide describes Pascal-2's optimizations, and it lists all
of Pascal-2's error messages.
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The Language Specification describes Pascal-2's language features in
detail.  Because not everyone is familiar with the major changes
in the language since Jensen and Wirth's User Manual and Report in
1978, the Language Specification begins by summarizing those changes and
describing the ways that Pascal-2 deals with them.  Thus, the guide
serves not only as a description of our implementation of Pascal but
also as a review of the language's evolution since 1978.
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The Debugger Guide and the Utilities Guide describe programs designed
to improve the usefulness of the Pascal-2 system or to alleviate the
tediousness of programming.  The Debugger helps you find and correct
errors that cannot be caught at compile time.  The Utilities package
contains program formatters, a text formatter, cross-reference programs,
an execution profiler, a package that helps you to interface MACRO-11
routines with Pascal-2 programs, and a dynamic string package.  Each
utility is described in detail, with examples.
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The Conversion Guide, geared toward present Pascal-1 users, explains
specific language differences between Pascal-1 and Pascal-2 and the
practical programming problems created by the differences.  The guide
describes the use of the CONVRS utility to help you isolate areas
in your Pascal-1 program that will have to be modified to convert to
Pascal-2; the guide then details the steps required to convert the
programs.  The section concludes with a list of solutions to errors that
you may encounter while completing the conversion to Pascal-2.
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The Installation Guide describes the steps required to install Pascal-2
in your operating system.
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This Pascal-2 manual assumes that you have a basic familiarity with the
Pascal language.  Some sections, such as the Programmer's Guide and the
Language Specification, assume a relatively detailed working knowledge
of the language.  Beginners can make their way carefully through this
manual, but we encourage them to read the books described in the next
section.
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.pag 4
.sub For More Information
~FOR MORE INFORMATION~
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We suggest several places to find more information about Pascal:
.mar(l5)
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.und 5
(1)  Try it!  Certainly the most challenging course, and the most
open-ended and accurate as well.  Acquire the habit of answering your
questions by experiment.  Remember, "You can't hurt the computer!"
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.und 5
(2)  Oh!  Pascal, by Doug Cooper and Mike Clancy - an easy-to-read
Pascal course for the novice programmer.
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.und 5
(3)  Programming in Pascal, by Peter Grogono - a good course in standard
Pascal, with lots of sample programs for (1), above.
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(4)  Pascal User Manual and Report, by Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth
- the first definition of standard Pascal.
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(5)  This manual - a description of the fine points and grubby details
concerning Pascal-2.
.mar
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For the serious student, these books are available from Oregon Software
and elsewhere:
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.mar(l5)
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.und 5
     Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs, Niklaus Wirth; Prentice-Hall,
$20.25
.mar
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.mar(l5)
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.und 5
     Structured Programming, Dahl, Dijkstra, Hoare; Academic Press,
$15.30
.mar
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.mar(l5)
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.und 5
     Elements of Programming Style, Kernighan and Plauger; McGraw-Hill,
$3.95
.mar
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.mar(l5)
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.und 5
     Systematic Programming: An Introduction, Niklaus Wirth; Prentice-Hall,
$17.75
.mar
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And we recommend that you join the Pascal Users' Group, which publishes
an excellent newsletter.  Send $10 for a one-year subscription to:
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     Pascal Users' Group
     Attn: Rick Shaw
     P.O. Box 888524
     Atlanta, Georgia  30338
     (404) 252-2600
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.pag 4
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.ski 3
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.pag 4
.sub Support Policy
~SUPPORT POLICY~
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The license fee for your Pascal-2 system includes one year of software
support, which covers the following:
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1)   Telephone assistance.  We'll provide a quick cure to your problem
if at all possible.
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2)   Formal, written response to all problems, suggestions, and comments
received in writing.  For complex problems, we need written descriptions
of your technical problem to ensure correct diagnosis and repair.  (This
service does not include applications consultation.)
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3)   A no-cost update to the latest revision of Pascal-2, upon the
written request of your Designated Contact Person.  This is the standard
response to bugs that have been fixed.  (A handling fee is levied for
some media; no charge for magtape and floppies.)
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4)   The Oregon Software Pascal Newsletter, which contains status
reports on all of our Pascal products, announcements of new versions of
software and new products, and various technical articles.
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Support may be renewed annually.
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Customers of an Oregon Software distributor will receive the Newsletter
directly from us but should contact their distributor for other elements
of support.
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.pag 4
.sub A Note on Style
~A NOTE ON STYLE~
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This manual uses the following conventions:
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.mar(l10)
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Text:     Sentence punctuation goes outside all quoted material.  Pascal
reserved words, predefined symbols and directives are in bold face
typewriter type: "begin", "write".  Program or system names are in upper
case typewriter: "ROTAT.PAS", "PROFIL.OBJ".  Commands are in typewriter:
"$FPP", "/LIST".
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Program Examples: Commands that you should type are in bold face
typewriter: ~RUN EX~.  These commands assume a carriage return at the
end.
.mar
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Program Listings: Pascal-2 accepts any combination of upper-case and
lower-case characters; for consistency, the examples have Pascal words
in lower case and have user-defined words with an initial capital letter
and other capitalization as needed for readability, as shown in this
program fragment:
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.mar
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.mar(l5 r80)
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         procedure Show;
         begin
           SomeUserAction;
           writeln(Result);
         end;
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.pag 4
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.mar
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.pag 4
.sub Who Are We, Anyway?
~WHO ARE WE, ANYWAY?~
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Oregon Software traces its origins to the real OMSI - the Oregon Museum
of Science and Industry.  OMSI is a private educational organization
chartered "to further the education of the youth of the community",
and it was in the Research Laboratory at OMSI that we began writing
software.  Seven of us came from OMSI to found Oregon Software in
September, 1977.  Because of the close association, the name "OMSI"
stayed with us for a while, and we continue to support OMSI and its
educational programs.
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But please, we're Oregon Software.  We're a software research and
development corporation in Portland, with a nice view of Mount Hood (and
what's left of Mount St.  Helens!)  The seven from OMSI (the museum)
have grown into twenty-five from all over.
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On a serious note: OMSI is a non-profit, charitable institution.
Contributions of money and equipment are much needed and are tax-deductible.
The Research Lab supports independent science projects in
many fields, including computing.  For further information about the
OMSI Research Lab program, contact:
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.ski 1
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 Director of Research
 Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
 4015 SW Canyon Road
 Portland, Oregon  97201
 (503) 248-5943
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.pag 4
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.pag 4
.sub And Finally .  .  .
~AND FINALLY .  .  .  ~
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Oregon Software plans to continually improve its written materials.
Please send any suggestions in writing to:
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.ski 1
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 Collins Hemingway
 Documentation Editor
 Oregon Software
 2340 SW Canyon Road
 Portland, Oregon  97201
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.pag 4
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